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ACTH Levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and of beta-endorphin (BE) were significantly higher in autistic individuals than in normal controls (Tordjman et al, 1997). Plasma levels of ACTH have been shown to be regulated by thyroid status (Kamilaris et al, 1991; Tohei et al, 1997, 1998). It has been established that thyroid hormone regulates central nervous system (CNS) ACTH and beta-endorphin (BE) . (Gambert et al, 1980; Tang et al, 1988). T3 treatment reverses the changes in met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin contents in the anterior lobe (Tang et al, 1988).
Hypothyroidism increases basal levels of plasma ACTH and pituitary content of ACTH (Tohei et al, 1997). As opposed to controls, plasma ACTH concentrations decreased steadily with age while there was an accumulation of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of hypothyroid 15-day-old rats (Dakine et al, 2000). It has been suggested that hypo or low normal function of thyroid might facilitate excess elaboration of ACTH through corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) by swaying the balance of neurotransmitters at hypothalamus in favour of serotonin (Sadhukhan et al, 1979). The involvement of Gq/11 in regulation of ACTH has been clearly shown in investigations on bovine adrenal cells (Derrien et al, 1996). =========================== Dakine N, Oliver C, Grino M - "Effects of experimental hypothyroidism on the development of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat" Life Sci 67(23):2827-44 (2000) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=11105998&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Derrien A, Langlois D, Saez JM - “Expression and regulation of G alpha q and G alpha 11 mRNAs and proteins in bovine adrenal cells.” Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996 Jul 23;121(1):65-74 (1996) Gambert SR, Garthwaite TL, Pontzer CH, Hagen TC - "Thyroid hormone regulation of central nervous system (CNS) beta-endorphin and ACTH" Horm Metab Res 12(7):345-6 (1980) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=6249708&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Kamilaris TC, DeBold CR, Johnson EO, Mamalaki E, Listwak SJ, Calogero AE, Kalogeras KT, Gold PW, Orth DN - "Effects of short and long duration hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the plasma adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats" Endocrinology Sadhukhan B, Jana AK, Chhetri MK, Chaudhury PK, Ghosh KK, Saha R, Talukder G, Pal NC, Mukherjee S, Ghosh S, Mukherjee SR- "The role of thyroid in clinical disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical axis--a preliminary communication" Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 23(4):351-8 (1979) Tang F, Man SY - "Hypothyroidism and pituitary contents of immunoactive met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in male rats of different ages" Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 188(1):82-6 (1988) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=2966963&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Tohei A, Akai M, Tomabechi T, Mamada M, Taya K - "Adrenal and gonadal function in hypothyroid adult male rats" J Endocrinol 152(1):147-54 (1997) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9014850&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Tohei A, Imai A, Watanabe G, Taya K - "Influence of thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on adrenal and gonadal functions in adult female rats" J Vet Med Sci 60(4):439-46 (1998) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9592715&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Tordjman S, Anderson GM, McBride PA, Hertzig ME, Snow ME, Hall LM, Thompson SM, Ferrari P, Cohen DJ - "Plasma beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol in autism" J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38(6):705-15 (1997) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9315980&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r
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