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GLUTAMINE Glutamine and glutamic acid levels were significantly decreased in platelets of autistic children when compared to controls (Rolf et al, 1993). In 14 autistic children, all affected children had low plasma levels of glutamine (Moreno-Fuenmayor et al, 1996). Hypothyroidism decreases the concentrations of glutamine in the plasma (Parry-Billings et al, 1990). Thyroid status was found to have marked effects on the rate of glutamine release by skeletal muscle. Studies show that thyroid hormones may be responsible for the regulation of glutamine metabolism and, consequently, of macrophage function (Costa Rosa et al, 1991). T3 increases glutamine synthetase activity (Bass et al, 1997). Enterocytes and colonocytes isolated from hypothyroid rats showed decreased rates of utilization and metabolism of glucose and glutamine (Ardawi et al, 1991). Gq/11: (Wu et al, 1992;Zhang et al, 1999) ================================== ======== Ardawi MS, Jalalah SM - "Effects of hypothyroidism on glucose and glutamine metabolism by the gut of the rat." Clin Sci (Colch) 81(3):347-55 (1991) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=1655336&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Costa Rosa LF, Cury Y, Curi R - "Hormonal control of macrophage function and glutamine metabolism" Biochem Cell Biol 69(4):309-12 (1991) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=2054161&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Moreno-Fuenmayor H, Borjas L, Arrieta A, Valera V, Socorro-Candanoza L - "Plasma excitatory amino acids in autism" Invest Clin 37(2):113-28 (1996) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=8718922&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Parry-Billings M, Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Bond J, Bevan SJ, Opara E, Newsholme EA - "Effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on glutamine metabolism by skeletal muscle of the rat" Biochem J 272(2):319-22 (1990) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=2268261&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Rolf LH, Haarmann FY, Grotemeyer KH, Kehrer H - "Serotonin and amino acid content in platelets of autistic children" Acta Psychiatr Scand 87(5):312-6 (1993) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query_old?uid=8517170&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Wu DQ, Lee CH, Rhee SG, Simon MI - "Activation of phospholipase C by the alpha subunits of the Gq and G11 proteins in transfected Cos-7 cells" J Biol Chem 267(3):1811-7 (1992) Zhang J, Tucholski J, Lesort M, Jope RS, Johnson GV - "Novel bimodal effects of the G-protein tissue transglutaminase on adrenoreceptor signalling" Biochem J 343 Pt 3:541-9 (1999)
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