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ATP ATPase is the enzyme which hydrolyzes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into ADP and phosphate. ALL ATPases are controlled by thyroid hormones, be it in kidney, liver, brain, etc. It is here as well that the fluoride-iodine antagonism can be easily observed, as hundreds of studies exist on this subject alone. Even a slight reduction in ATP will result in impaired thyroid hormone transport. ATP regulates T4 uptake into the liver, the major organ for T4 to T3 conversion. A reduction in ATP results in less T4 uptake into the liver. The end-result includes less available Free T3. Bobek and Kahl (1975) clearly showed impaired thyroid hormone transport in mice fed water fluoridated at 1ppm. Please keep in mind here that in rats usually fluoride intake has to be 10 times higher to produce similar fluoride plasma kevels as in humans. Of course fluoride is well-established to inhibit ATP (1200 references). While T3 will activate Na+K+ATPase, including the brain, kidney, etc. (Atterwill et al, 1987;420 other references) - fluoride will inhibit Na+K+ATPase. T3 will activate Ca2+-ATPase in human red blood cells (RBC) (Dube et al, 1986). Chronic fluoride ingestion decreases Ca2+ATPase (Borke et al, 1999). Ca2+-ATPase in RBCs from normal animals was inhibited almost completely at 0.1 mM fluoride (Chakraborty et al, 1986). ------------------ FLUORIDE & ATP (1200 references) T3 & ATP (266 references) TSH & ATP (140 references) Fluoride & ATPase (450 references) T3 & ATPase (420 references) TSH & ATPase (77 references) Atterwill CK, Brown CG, Collins P - "Studies on the effect of chronic L-triiodothyronine (T3) treatment on brain Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the mature rat." Toxicology 43(1):75-91(1987) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=3027920&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Bobek S, Kahl S, Ewy Z - "Effect Of Long Term Fluoride Administration on Thyroid Hormone Levels In Rats" Endocrinol Exp (Bratisl)10:289-295 (1976) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=1087230&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Borke JL, Whitford GM - "Chronic fluoride ingestion decreases 45Ca uptake by rat kidney membranes" J Nutr 129(6):1209-13 (1999) Chakraborty M, Ghosal J, Biswas T, Datta AG - "Effect of erythropoietin on the different ATPases and acetylcholinesterase of rat RBC membrane" Biochem Med Metab Biol 36(2):231-8 (1986) Dube MP, Davis FB, Davis PJ, Schoenl M, Blas SD - "Effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on human red blood cell Ca2+-ATPase activity" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62(2):253-7 (1986)
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