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Thalidomide Thalidomide has been shown to lead to a high rate of autism when exposure occurs during the 20th to 24th day of gestation (Rodier et al, 1997), a time when the fetus is yet wholly dependent on the mother’s thyroid hormones. Thalidimide is known to inhibit thyroid hormone secretion (FDA ALERT). Shortening of the brain stem can ONLY occur during neural tube closure (Rodier et al, 1997). In rats day 11.5 is the day of neural tube closure (Rodier et al, 1997). Experiments with valproic acid, which causes identical brain conditions as seen in autism - have shown this age-relation ship (Rodier et al, 1997). Neural tube closure and development is regulated by thyroid hormones (Kraft et al, 1994; Flamant, 1998). The neural tube is the progenitor of the central nervous system. also see: VALPROIC ACID In a study checking on the effects of valproic acid on thyroid hormones baseline serum T4 and TSH concentrations were unaffected by valproic acid administration while serum T3 concentrations fell in all volunteers, resulting in Low Free T3 (Elias et al, 1981). The increase in TSH levels was particularly marked in valproate-treated children, accounting for 26% of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (Eiris-Punal et al, 1999). ================================ ============= Eiris-Punal J, Del Rio-Garma M, Del Rio-Garma MC, Lojo-Rocamonde S, Novo-Rodriguez I, Castro-Gago M - "Long-term treatment of children with epilepsy with valproate or carbamazepine may cause subclinical hypothyroidism" Epilepsia 40(12):1761-6 (1999) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=10612341&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Elias AN, Valenta LJ, Szekeres AV, Grossman M - "Effect of FDA Alert http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/0003/htm/thalidomide_sb.htm (also: Thalomid capsules (thalidomide) prescription product insert/Celgene Corp, Warren, NJ) Flamant F, Samarut J - "Involvement of thyroid hormone and its alpha receptor in avian neurulation" Dev Biol 197(1):1-11 (1998) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9578614&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Kraft JC, Willhite CC, Juchau MR - "Embryogenesis in cultured whole rat embryos after combined exposures to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) plus all-trans-retinoic acid and to T3 plus 9-cis-retinoic acid" J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 14(2):75-86 (1994) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=8071425&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Rodier PM, Ingram JL, Tisdale B, Croog VJ -"Linking etiologies in humans and animal models: studies of autism" Reprod Toxicol 11(2-3):417-22 (1997) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=9100317&form=6&db=m&Dopt=r Rodier PM, Ingram JL, Tisdale B, Nelson S, Romano J - "Embryological origin for autism: developmental anomalies of the cranial nerve motor nuclei" J Comp Neurol 370(2):247-61 (1996) Stromland K, Nordin V, Miller M, Akerstrom B, Gillberg C - “Autism in thalidomide embryopathy: a population study” Dev Med Child Neurol 36(4):351-6 (1994)
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